German Europe

The euro crisis is tearing Europe apart. But the heart of the matter is that, as the crisis unfolds, the basic rules of European democracy are being subverted or turned into their opposite, bypassing parliaments, governments and EU institutions. Multilateralism is turning into unilateralism, equality into hegemony, sovereignty into the dependency and recognition into disrespect for the dignity of other nations. Even France, which long dominated European integration, must submit to Berlin’s strictures now that it must fear for its international credit rating. How did this happen? The anticipation of the European catastrophe has already fundamentally changed the European landscape of power. It is giving birth to a political monster: a German Europe. Germany did not seek this leadership position - rather, it is a perfect illustration of the law of unintended consequences. The invention and implementation of the euro was the price demanded by France in order to pin Germany down to a European Monetary Union in the context of German unification. It was a quid pro quo for binding a united Germany into a more integrated Europe in which France would continue to play the leading role. But the precise opposite has happened. Economically the euro turned out to be very good for Germany, and with the euro crisis Chancellor Angela Merkel became the informal Queen of Europe. The new grammar of power reflects the difference between creditor and debtor countries; it is not a military but an economic logic. Its ideological foundation is ‘German euro nationalism’ - that is, an extended European version of the Deutschmark nationalism that underpinned German identity after the Second World War. In this way the German model of stability is being surreptitiously elevated into the guiding idea for Europe.

Preface Introduction. Europe: To Be or Not to Be: The decision facing Germany. I How the euro crisis is both tearing Europe apart and uniting it 1. How German austerity policies are dividing Europe - the governments are for it, the peoples are against 2. The achievements of the European Union 3. The blindness of economics 4. European domestic politics: the national concept of politics is outmoded 5. The EU crisis is not a debt crisis II Europe’s new power coordinates: the path to a German Europe 1. Europe under threat and the crisis of politics 2. The new landscape of European power 3. ‘Merkiavelli’: hesitation as a means of coercion III A social contract for Europe 1. More freedom through more Europe 2. More social security through more Europe 3. More democracy through more Europe 4. The question of power: who will enforce the social contract? 5. A European spring?