Assessing Political Representation in Europe

It has long been realized that democratic governance requires a two-way flow of influence. Governments must be able to respond to what people want and people must be able to react to what governments do. These mechanisms of democratic governance have contributed to two research traditions: one, the responsible party approach, views policy change as a consequence of ‘electoral turnover’; and the other, the dynamic representation approach, views policy change as occurring in ‘rational anticipation’ of electoral repercussions. The aim of this book is to evaluate the state of political representation in contemporary Europe in the light of these two approaches. The chapters present fresh insight into issue congruence between voters and parties and into the extent of dynamic representation. The chapters are logically clustered into three groups: one group of scholars base their work on the ‘responsible party model’ and apply it to voters and European parties and party groups; a second group of scholars demonstrate the importance of institutional structures on the degree of issue congruence; and a third group of scholars examine the reciprocal nature of dynamic representation and the effects of institutions on the opinion-policy connection.

1. Introduction: Issue Congruence and Political Responsiveness 2. European Parliament Elections and Political Representation: Policy Congruence between Voters and Parties 3. Mechanisms of Issue Congruence: The Democratic Party Mandate 4. Partisan Sorting and Niche Parties in Europe 5. Intra-Party Democracy and Party Responsiveness 6. Institutional Context and Representational Strain in Party–Voter Agreement in Western and Eastern Europe 7. Parties’ Positions on European Integration: Issue Congruence, Ideology or Context? 8. Strategic Incentives, Issue Proximity and Party Support in Europe 9. The Causal Flow between Public Opinion and Policy: Government Responsiveness, Leadership, or Counter Movement 10. Political Institutions and the Opinion–Policy Link