The Euro-Mediterranean migration system

The Euro-Mediterranean region can be seen as the focal point for movements between south and north. Starting with this observation, the author addresses the migration problems of the countries on the northern shore of the Mediterranean and the immigration countries of the European Union, which recruit labour from the southern shore (for example, Moroccans working in France, Belgium and Great Britain, Turks in Germany, France, Benelux and Scandinavia, Algerians in France and Tunisians in France and Italy). He also deals with the new immigration countries on the northern shore (Spain, Italy and Greece), as well as the emigration and transit countries of the southern and eastern shores. This work is intended to provide the reader with a critical overview of the existing literature on the theme of "co-development" based on sources in various languages, highlighting matters likely to form part of needs of both immigration countries and countries of origin, and taking account of the questions raised by the experts.

Foreword Introduction "European", "Mediterranean" and "Euro-Mediterranean" migration systems, and how to define them Chapter 1 - Migratory potential, international migration and flow management: development as a possible alternative to international migration The state of research in Europe and worldwide 1.1 The current position: migrants' ongoing links with their countries of origin and significant financial transfers 1.2 Official development assistance and its effects on international migration 1.3 The effects on migration of national investment and foreign direct investment in the setting up of enterprise areas 1.4 The transition from country of emigration to country of immigration: well-known examples (Italy, Spain) and recent developments (Portugal, Greece, Ireland, Turkey) 1.5 The impact on economic development in transit countries 1.6 Possible effects of illegal migration and development Chapter 2 - International migration and the socioeconomic development of countries of origin: a question that still arises, is difficult to review and presents a true challenge Types of financial transfers 2.1 Workers' remittances 2.2 Social benefits 2.3 Official development assistance (ODA) linked directly to migration 2.4 The informal circuits 2.5 Other transfers: private capital 2.6 Other transfers: know-how and technology transfers Chapter 3 - Productive and unproductive investments: an old distinction but one which was not always relevant in the 1970s and 1980s Types of action taken by governments, firms, NGOs and emigrants 3.1 Creating industrial enterprises - The Turkish experience: "people's sector" and "Turkish model" (hoik sektoru and Turk modeli) - The Yugoslav experience: deviznefabrike - The Tunisian experience: resourceful traders and a transnational strategy 3.2 Creation of small-scale production and service companies 3.3 Setting up businesses 3.4 Agriculture 3.5 Public services financed by emigrants 3.6 Mixed (beneficial and adverse) effects on the building industry and the real estate sector 3.7 Effects on transport and communications 3.8 Widespread international tourism 3.9 The official economy and the underground economy 3.10 The impact of the local situation Chapter 4 - Delayed effects of direct and indirect investment and the importance of pursuing long-term development policies; lessons to be learned from experience for future projects Lessons to be learned from past and current experiments in the light of available case studies 4.1 National development policies of the countries of origin - The emigration countries 4.2 National and international development policies of the host countries - The immigration countries 4.3 Immigration countries' "assisted return" policies 4.4 Readmission policies, with or without a “development dimension” 4.5 Independent or spontaneous action on the part of emigrants 4.6 Foreign direct investment and relocation Conclusion Bibliography Appendix 1 - "Kindleberger report” Appendix 2 - Research results A. The "debit/credit balance" of international migration, as summarised by G. Tapinos (1974) B. Difficulties encountered by business set up by Turkish emigrants (source: de Tapia (1996), based on work by REMPLOD and ISOPLAN) C. Difficulties recently encountered in four countries of emigration by entrepreneurs returning home, based on an AFD study analysed by M. Raunet (2005) D. Example of economic reintegration in Africa: the region of Bamako-Kayes in Mali, empirical study by the IRD (2002) E. Characteristics of investments by migrants returning to Anatolian emigration basin (Tavas, Denizli, Turkey). Empirical study of an emigration basin by Mustafa Mutluer Appendix 3 - List of case studies or co-development policies discussed in recent publications: a few examples