The Inner Enemies of Democracy

The political history of the twentieth century can be viewed as the history of democracy’s struggle against its external enemies: fascism and communism. This struggle ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet regime. Some people think that democracy now faces new enemies: Islamic fundamentalism, religious extremism and international terrorism and that this is the struggle that will define our times. Todorov disagrees: the biggest threat to democracy today is democracy itself. Its enemies are within: what the ancient Greeks called 'hubris'. Todorov argues that certain democratic values have been distorted and pushed to an extreme that serves the interests of dominant states and powerful individuals. In the name of ‘democracy’ and ‘human rights’, the United States and some European countries have embarked on a crusade to enlighten some foreign populations through the use of force. Yet this mission to ‘help’ others has led to Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo, to large-scale destruction and loss of life and to a moral crisis of growing proportions. The defence of freedom, if unlimited, can lead to the tyranny of individuals. Drawing on recent history as well as his own experience of growing up in a totalitarian regime, Todorov returns to examples borrowed from the Western canon: from a dispute between Augustine and Pelagius to the fierce debates among Enlightenment thinkers to explore the origin of these perversions of democracy. He argues compellingly that the real democratic ideal is to be found in the delicate, ever-changing balance between competing principles, popular sovereignty, freedom and progress. When one of these elements breaks free and turns into an over-riding principle, it becomes dangerous: populism, ultra-liberalism and messianism, the inner enemies of democracy.

CHAPTER 1. Democracy and its Discontents The paradoxes of freedom External and internal enemies Democracy threatened by its own hubris CHAPTER 2. An Ancient Controversy The main characters Pelagius: will and perfection Augustine: the unconscious and original sin The outcome of the debate CHAPTER 3. Political Messianism The revolutionary moment The first wave: revolutionary and colonial wars The second wave: the Communist project The third wave: imposing democracy by bombs The Iraq war The internal damage: torture The war in Afghanistan The temptations of pride and power The war in Libya: the decision The war in Libya: the implementation Idealists and realists Politics in the face of morality and justice CHAPTER 4. The Tyranny of Individuals Protecting individuals Explaining human behaviour Communism and neoliberalism The fundamentalist temptation Neoliberalism’s blind spots Freedom and attachment CHAPTER 5. The Effects of Individualism Blame it on science? The law retreats Loss of meaning Management techniques The power of the media Freedom of public speech The limits of freedom CHAPTER 6. Populism and Xenophobia The rise of populism Populist discourse National identity Down with multiculturalism: the German case Britain and France The debate about headscarves One debate can hide another Relations with foreigners Living together better CHAPTER 7. The Future of Democracy Democracy, dream and reality The enemy within us Towards renewal? NOTES