Energy - Perspectives, Problems, and Prospects

* Offers a perspective on how the world evolved to its present state of dependence on fossil fuels with an account of the related problems requiring a sea change in energy policy with options for the future The book offers a comprehensive account of how the world evolved to its present state in which humans now exercise a powerful, in many cases dominant, influence for global environmental change. It outlines the history that led to this position of dominance, in particular the role played by our increasing reliance on fossil sources of energy, on coal, oil and natural gas, and the problems that we are now forced to confront as a result of this history. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is greater now than at any time over at least the past 650,000 years with prospects to increase over the next few decades to levels not seen since dinosaurs roamed the Earth 65 million years ago. Comparable changes for evident also for methane and nitrous oxide and for a variety of other constituents of the atmosphere including species such as the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons for which there are no natural analogues. Increases in the concentrations of so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are responsible for important changes in global and regional climate with consequences for the future of global society which, though difficult to predict in detail, are potentially catastrophic for a world poorly equipped to cope. Changes of climate in the past were repetitively responsible for the demise of important civilizations. These changes, however, were generally natural in origin in contrast to the changes now underway for which humans are directly responsible. The challenge is to transition to a new energy economy in which fossil fuels will play a much smaller role. We need as a matter of urgency to cut back on emissions of climate altering gases such as carbon dioxide while at the same time reducing our dependence on unreliable, potentially disruptive, though currently indispensable, sources of energy such as oil, the lifeblood of the global transportation system. The book concludes with a discussion of options for a more sustainable energy future, highlighting the potential for contributions from wind, sun, biomass, geothermal and nuclear, supplanting currently unsustainable reliance on coal, oil and natural gas. Readership: Students and general readers interested in global climate change, and world energy resource issues

Preface Acknowledgements 1: Introduction 2: From Hunter Gatherers to English Factories 3: Energy: what is it and how do we measure it? 4: Wood, Photosynthesis and the Carbon Cycle 5: Coal: Origin, History and Problems 6: Oil: Properties, Origin, History, Problems and Prospects 7: Natural Gas: Origin, History and Prospects 8: Energy from Water and Wind 9: Nuclear Power 10: Steam Power 11: Electricity 12: Automobiles Trucks and the Internal Combustion Engine 13: The Challenge of Global Climate Change 14: Prospects for Carbon Capture and Sequestration 15: Ethanol from biomass: can it substitute for gasoline? 16: Current Patterns of Energy Use 17: Vision for a Low Carbon Energy Future Bibliography Index