EU Environment and Energy Policies

Written by Nicholas Moussis, a former European Commission adviser and author of several well-known reference works on European issues, EU Environment and Energy Policies provides a comprehensive overview of two sectors destined to dominate political discussions over the next few years. Divided into four chapters, each completed by an annex containing full versions of the key legislative texts mentioned therein, the 660-page work offers an excellent reference instrument for anyone trying to follow developments in these fast-evolving areas of EU policy.

Chapter 1: Introduction to European integration 1.1. Introduction to the European Treaties 1.2. Introduction to the European Institutions 1.3. Introduction to the common policies of the Union 1.4. Introduction to the European legal system Chapter 2: EU environment policy 2.1. The need for a common environment policy 2.2. Common strategy for sustainable development 2.2.1. The foundations of the common environment policy 2.2.2. The principles of the common environment policy 2.2.3. Notification, information and monitoring 2.2.4. Environment and other common policies 2.2.5. International environmental cooperation 2.3. Reduction of pollution and nuisances 2.3.1. Quality objectives for European waters 2.3.2. Control of discharges into the aquatic environment 2.3.3. Effort to combat marine pollution 2.3.4. Effort to combat air pollution EU effort to curb climate change 2.3.5. Prevention of industrial and chemical hazards 2.3.6. Effort to combat noise pollution 2.4. Management of environmental resources 2.4.1. Protection of flora and fauna 2.4.2. Management of waste 2.5. Bibliography on EU environment policy Chapter 3: EU Energy Policy 3.1. The importance of energy for Europe 3.1.1. The 1973 crisis 3.1.2. International energy cooperation 3.1.3. Community energy strategy 3.2. Internal energy market 3.2.1. Electricity and gas markets 3.2.2. Solid fuel market 3.2.3. Nuclear energy market 3.2.4. Oil market 3.3. EU energy supply 3.3.1. Energy objectives and rational energy use 3.3.2. Coal supply 3.3.3. Supply of nuclear fuels 3.3.4. Oil and natural gas supply 3.3.5. New technologies and new energy sources 3.4. Bibliography on EU Energy Policy Chapter 4: Appraisal and outlook of EU environment and EU energy Policies 4.1. Appraisal of the EU environment policy 4.2. Appraisal of the EU energy policy 4.3. The energy-climate package 4.3.1. Improvement of the European Emission Trading System 4.3.2. Sharing of the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 4.3.3. Promotion of energy from renewable sources 4.3.4. The geological storage of carbon dioxide 4.3.5. Reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars 4.3.6. Improving fuel quality 4.4. Perspectives of the EU environment and energy policies Annexes Annexes of chapter 1: Introduction to European integration • Annex 1.1.1. The European treaties • Annex 1.1.2. Decision of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, meeting within the Council, of 27 February 2002, on the financial consequences of the expiry of the ECSC Treaty and on the research fund for coal and steel • Annex 1.1.3. European Community and European Union • Annex 1.1.4. The European institutions Annexes of chapter 2: Environment policy • Annex 2.2.1. Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Community • Annex 2.2.2. Decision No 1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 July 2002 laying down the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme • Annex 2.2.3. Regulation (EC) No 614/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 May 2007 concerning the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE+) • Annex 2.2.4. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) • Annex 2.2.2.1. Communication from the Commission on the precautionary principle /* COM/2000/0001 final • Annex 2.2.2.2. Consolidated version 25.06.2003. Council Directive of 27 June 1985 on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/337/EEC) • Annex 2.2.2.3. Directive 2003/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment • Annex 2.2.2.4. Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment • Annex 2.2.2.5. Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage • Annex 2.2.2.6. Regulation (EC) No 1980/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 July 2000 on a revised Community eco-label award scheme • Annex 2.2.2.7. Regulation (EC) No 761/2001 of the European parliament and of the Council of 19 March 2001 allowing voluntary participation by organisations in a Community eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS) • Annex 2.2.2.8. Brussels, 9.2.2007, COM(2007) 51 final. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on the protection of the environment through criminal law • Annex 2.2.3.1. Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Councilof 18 January 2006 concerning the establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register • Annex 2.2.3.2. Directive 2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2003 on public access to environmental information • Annex 2.2.4.1. COM(2007) 379 final Small, clean and competitive: A programme to help small and medium-sized enterprises comply with environmental legislation • Annex 2.2.4.2. Council Regulation (EC) No 2012/2002 of 11 November 2002 establishing the European Union Solidarity Fund • Annex 2.2.4.3. Council Decision of 8 November 2007 establishing a Community Civil Protection Mechanism (recast) • Annex 2.3.1. Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control (Codified version) • Annex 2.3.1.1. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy • Annex 2.3.1.2. Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration • Annex 2.3.1.3. Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption • Annex 2.3.1.4. Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the management of bathing water quality • Annex 2.3.1.5. Directive 2006/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on the quality of fresh waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life • Annex 2.3.2.1. Council Directive of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste water treatment (91/271/EEC) • Annex 2.3.2.2. Directive 2006/11/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community (Codified version) • Annex 2.3.2.3. Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on detergents • Annex 2.3.2.4. Council Directive of 20 February 1978 on waste from the titanium dioxide industry (78/176/EEC) • Annex 2.3.3.1. Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements • Annex 2.3.4.1. Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe • Annex 2.3.4.2. Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants • Annex 2.3.4.3. Decision No 1753/2000/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 2000 establishing a scheme to monitor the average specific emissions of CO2 from new passenger cars • Annex 2.3.4.4. Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air • Annex 2.3.4.5. Consolidated version 20.11.2003. Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels • Annex 2.3.4.6. Consolidated version 08.08.2008. Directive 2005/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 September 2005 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from compression-ignition engines for use in vehicles, and the emission of gaseous pollutants from positive-ignition engines fuelled with natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas for use in vehicles • Annex 2.3.4.7. Consolidated version 31.07.2007. Regulation (EC) No 2037/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 June 2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer • Annex 2.3.4.8. Consolidated version 01.01.2007. Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants • Annex 2.3.4.9. Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community • Annex 2.3.4.10.Decision No 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol • Annex 2.3.5.1. Consolidated version 31.12.2003. Council Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances • Annex 2.3.5.2. Council Directive of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (67/548/EEC) • Annex 2.3.6.1. Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 February 2008 on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency • Annex 2.3.6.2. Council Directive of 4 December 1989 on the limitation of noise emission from civil subsonic jet aeroplanes (89/629/EEC) • Annex 2.3.6.3. Directive 2006/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the regulation of the operation of aeroplanes covered by Part II, Chapter 3, Volume 1 of Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation • Annex 2.3.6.4. Directive 2002/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 March 2002 on the establishment of rules and procedures with regard to the introduction of noise-related operating restrictions at Community airports • Annex 2.3.6.5. Directive 2000/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the noise emission in the environment by equipment for use outdoors • Annex 2.3.6.6. Directive 2002/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise • Annex 2.4.1.1. Consolidated version 01.01.2007. Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora • Annex 2.4.1.2. Consolidated version 01.01.2007. Council Directive of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds (79/409/EEC) • Annex 2.4.2.1. Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste • Annex 2.4.2.2. Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on waste • Annex 2.4.2.3. Consolidated version 05.04.2005. European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste • Annex 2.4.2.4. Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste • Annex 2.4.2.5. Consolidated version 24.02.2006. Council Directive of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste (91/689/EEC) • Annex 2.4.2.6. Consolidated version 21.03.2008. Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment • Annex 2.4.2.7. Consolidated version 20.03.2008. Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators Annexes of chapter 3: Energy policy • Annex 3.1.1. Council Regulation No 736/96 of 22 April 1996 on notifying the Commission of investment projects of interest to the Community in the petroleum, natural gas and electricity sectors • Annex 3.1.2.1. Agreement on an international energy program (Amended 25/09/2008) • Annex 3.1.2.2. Agreement for cooperation between the European Atomic Energy Community and the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of controlled nuclear fusion • Annex 3.1.2.3. Agreement for cooperation between the European Atomic Energy Community and the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of nuclear safety • Annex 3.1.2.4. The Energy Charter Treaty • Annex 3.1.2.5. Annex 3. Energy Charter Protocol on energy efficiency and related environmental aspects • Annex 3.1.2.6. Council Decision of 29 May 2006 on the conclusion by the European Community of the Energy Community Treaty (2006/500/EC) • Annex 3.1.3.1. Decision No 1639/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 2006 establishing a Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (2007 to 2013) • Annex 3.1.3.2. Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament. An energy policy for Europe. COM(2007) 1 final • Annex 3.2.1. Council Regulation No 736/96 of 22 April 1996 on notifying the Commission of investment projects of interest to the Community in the petroleum, natural gas and electricity sectors • Annex 3.2.1.1. Consolidated version 23.01.2008. Directive 2003/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 96/92/ECONOMIC • Annex 3.2.1.2. Directive 2003/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas • Annex 3.2.1.3. Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2003 on conditions for access to the network for cross-border exchanges in electricity • Annex 3.2.1.4. Directive 2005/89/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 January 2006 concerning measures to safeguard security of electricity supply and infrastructure investment • Annex 3.2.1.5. Regulation (EC) No 1775/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 September 2005 on conditions for access to the natural gas transmission networks • Annex 3.2.1.6. Directive 2008/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 concerning a Community procedure to improve the transparency of gas and electricity prices charged to industrial end-users (recast) • Annex 3.2.1.7. Decision No 1364/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 laying down guidelines for trans-European energy networks • Annex 3.2.2.1. Consolidated version 01.01.2007. Council Regulation (EC) No 1407/2002 of 23 July 2002 on State aid to the coal industry • Annex 3.2.3.1. Commission Regulation (Euratom) No 302/2005 of 8 February 2005 on theapplication of Euratom safeguards • Annex 3.2.3.2. Convention on Nuclear Safety • Annex 3.2.3.3. Agreement for cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy between the European Atomic Energy Community and the United States of America (96/314/Euratom) • Annex 3.2.3.4. Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom of 20 November 2006 on the supervision and control of shipments of radioactive waste and spent fuel • Annex 3.2.3.5. Consolidated version 01.01.2007. Council Decision of 29 March 1977 empowering the Commission to issue Euratom loans for the purpose of contributing to the financing of nuclear power stations (77/270/Euratom) • Annex 3.2.3.6. Council Regulation (Euratom) No 300/2007 of 19 February 2007establishing an Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation • Annex 3.3.1.1. Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services • Annex 3.3.1.2. Communication from the Commission Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential. Com (2006) 545 final. • Annex 3.3.3.1. Council Directive 2006/67/EC of 24 July 2006 imposing an obligation on Member States to maintain minimum stocks of crude oil and/or petroleum products • Annex 3.3.3.2. Council Decision of 7 November 1977 on the setting of a Community target for a reduction in the consumption of primary sources of energy in the event of difficulties in the supply of crude oil and petroleum products (77/706/EEC) • Annex 3.3.3.3. Council Directive 2004/67/EC, of 26 April 2004 concerning measures to safeguard security of natural gas supply • Annex 3.3.3.4. Directive 94/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on the conditions for granting and using authorizations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons • Annex 3.3.3.5. Consolidated version 20.11.2003. Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Council Directive 93/12/EEC • Annex 3.3.5.1. Council Decision of 19 December 2006 concerning the specific programme "Cooperation" implementing the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for research, technological development and demonstration activities • Annex 3.3.5.2. Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market • Annex 3.3.5.3. Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport Annexes of Chapter 4: appraisal and outlook of environment and energy policies • Annex 4.2. COM(2008) 30 final. Communication from the Commission. 20 20 by 2020, Europe's climate change opportunity • Annex 4.3.1. COM(2008) 16 final. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system of the Community • Annex 4.3.1.1. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community • Annex 4.3.2. COM(2008) 17 final. Proposal for a decision of the European Parliament and of the Council on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020 • Annex 4.3.3. COM(2008) 19 final. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources • Annex 4.3.4. COM(2008) 18 final. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directives 85/337/EEC, 96/61/EC, Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 • Annex 4.3.5. COM(2007) 856 final. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles • Annex 4.3.6. COM(2007) 18 final. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the use of road transport fuels and amending Council Directive 1999/32/EC, as regards the specification of fuel used by inland waterway vessels and repealing Directive 93/12/EEC